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# Medicinare-Smärta-HT25-LL2.pdf
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**OCR Transcript**
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- Pages: 35
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- OCR Engine: pymupdf
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- Quality Score: 1.00
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---
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## Page 1
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Smärtfysiologi
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Line Löken, line.loken@gu.se
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Sektionen för fysiologi
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---
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## Page 2
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As kids, they bit off their tongues and jumped from landings and trees, breaking arms and legs
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Paul said he also used to push the swing seat away from him. "I'd let it come back and smash my face. I
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broke my nose and teeth.“
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Paul remembers that he used to put his hand on the top of a stove - "just because I liked the sound of it
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sizzling."
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He still has a scar down his back. "I leaned against a radiator." Feeling no pain, "I pushed away and I was
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stuck. I ripped a chunk of my flesh off."
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Paul's baby sister Amanda, who also felt no pain, died of septicemia when she bit off her tongue and
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contracted an acute bacterial infection.
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In the hospital, "He broke his foot, and they didn't discover it until a day and half later. They had no idea
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when or how it happened.
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"Normal people, when they get muscle pain, lactic acid flows in," said Paul. "That causes you to get tired
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and sore, and you sit down. "We just kept on running or whatever. We played a lot harder, until our
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bones would physically give out. ... Our muscles have become useless.”
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"Because of the way we damaged our joints, we gave ourselves arthritis. I don't want to loose control
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over my hands. I can barely pick up a cup, and it's only going to get worse.”
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Kongenital analgesi
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---
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## Page 3
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Pain - definition
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Neuropathic pain
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Pain caused by a lesion (skada) or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.
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Nociceptive pain (nociceptiv smärta)
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Pain that is due to the activation of nociceptors.
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Varför skilja på nociception och smärta?
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Alltså: Smärta är inte alltid nociceptiv och aktivering av nociceptorer
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leder inte alltid till smärta.
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Nociplastic pain
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Pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or
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threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or
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evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain.
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•
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Pain is always a personal experience that is influenced to varying degrees by
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biological, psychological, and social factors.
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•
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Pain and nociception are different phenomena. Pain cannot be inferred solely
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from activity in sensory neurons.
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•
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Through their life experiences, individuals learn the concept of pain.
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•
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Although pain usually serves an adaptive role, it may have adverse effects on
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function and social and psychological well-being.
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•
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A person’s report of an experience as pain should be respected.
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•
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Verbal description is only one of several behaviors to express pain; inability to
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communicate does not negate the possibility that a human or a nonhuman
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animal experiences pain
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“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or
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resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage.”
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---
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## Page 4
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VAS = visuell analogskala
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Kvantifiering av smärtupplevelse
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Framsida
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(patient)
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Baksida
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(undersökare)
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---
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## Page 5
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Nociceptor
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A high-threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral
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somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and
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encoding noxious stimuli.
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Noxious stimulus (nociceptivt stimulus) (nocere = att skada)
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A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues
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Nociception
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The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli.
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Nociceptorer finns i
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Hud, slemhinnor, muskler
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bindväv, ligament, ledkapslar
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ben, blodkärl, viscera, tänder …
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Nociceptorer finns inte i
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CNS, ledbrosk
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Stimuli
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Mekaniskt känsliga
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Temperaturkänsliga
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(smärtsam hetta/kyla)
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”Kemiskt känsliga”
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Exempel på receptivt fält
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---
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## Page 6
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Tjocka myeliniserade (Ab) Beröring
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Tunna myeliniserade (Ad) Temperatur
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- kyla
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- Nociception (smärta)
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Omyeliniserade (C)
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Temperatur,
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-värme
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-kyla
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-Nociception (smärta,
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klåda)
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• Affektiv beröring (C-taktil, CT)
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Huden innehåller olika receptorer
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---
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## Page 7
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Jonkanaler och nociceptiv smärta
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ASIC - acid sensing
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ion channel
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TRP – transient
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receptor potential
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V - Vanilloid
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Channel
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Capsaicin
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Channel
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Nociceptorer är utrustade med enmängd olika
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membranbundnajonkanaler och receptorer, såsom till
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exempel ”transient receptorpotential”(TRP)-kanaler(ex
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TRPV1),syrakänsliga jonkanaler (ASIC),purinerga
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receptorer(P2X)samt olika G-proteinkopplade eller kinas-
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länkade receptorer (t.ex.bradykinin2-och
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prostaglandinreceptorer).
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---
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## Page 8
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Axoner från nociceptorer
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”Dubbla smärtupplevelsen”
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Aδ
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C
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---
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## Page 9
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Exempel på nociceptiva reflexer
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---
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## Page 10
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•
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Icke-selektiv katjonskanal (släpper igenom
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positiva joner)
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•
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Aktivering: Capsaicin (chilipeppar), leukotriener,
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Hetta (>43º), H+ (pH <6)
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•
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Sensitisering: H+, ATP, Bradykinin, Prostglandiner
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(sänker temp.tröskeln)
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Exempel på jonkanal i nociceptorer
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TRPV1 (Vanilloidreceptorn)
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---
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## Page 11
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Dorsalhornet
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Nociceptivt specifika (NS) neuron (Lamina I), små receptiva fält (hud)
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Wide dynamic range (WDR) neuron (Lamina V), stora receptiva fält (hud), får också
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inflöde från tryck- och beröringsafferenter (Aβ-fibrer) samt från viscerala
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smärtafferenter
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WDR (wide dynamic range)
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NS (nociceptive specific)
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---
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## Page 12
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Dorsalhorn
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Ventralhorn
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Lateralhorn
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Nociceptiv afferent
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Uppåtstigande neuron
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i spinothalama banan
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Neuron som hämmar
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signalöverföring i den
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spinothalama banan
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ger kontrollmöjlighet
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Kontroll av signalöverföring i uppåtstigande banor
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---
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## Page 13
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Inflammatoriska mediatorer påverkar nociceptorer
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Perifer sensitisering
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= Increased responsiveness and reduced
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threshold of nociceptive neurons in the
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periphery, to the stimulation of their
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receptive fields.
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---
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## Page 14
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Jonkanaler blir
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lättare att aktivera
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Fler jonkanaler
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blir tillgängliga,
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t.ex. TRPV1
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Fler vNa ger sänkt
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tröskel för
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aktions-
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potential
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Perifer sensitisering
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= Increased responsiveness and reduced
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threshold of nociceptive neurons in the
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periphery, to the stimulation of their
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receptive fields.
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Inflammatoriska mediatorer påverkar nociceptorer
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---
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## Page 15
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Hyperalgesi = Ökad smärta av ett normalt
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smärtsamt stimuli
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Allodyni = Smärta orsakad av ett stimuli som
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normalt inte är smärtsamt (t.ex. beröring vid
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solskada)
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Synaptisk plasticitet i nociceptiva banor: Central sensitisering
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(associerat med initiering och bibehållande av långvarig smärta)
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Peptid uppreglering
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Inflammation
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Hud
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Skada
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Ökad synaptisk
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styrka
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Windup
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(kortsiktigt),
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LTP (inlärning)
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Inhibition
|
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(kontrollmöjligheten) i
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ryggmärgskretsar minskar
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Gentranskription
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Ryggmärg
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---
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## Page 16
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”Wind-up”
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Nociceptivt dorsalhornsneuron
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Intensiv aktivering av C-fiberaxonen → Frisättning av SP
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(substance P) som binds till NK1 receptorer, samt ökat
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glutamat ”spill over” med inbindning till mGluR (extra-
|
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synaptiska metabotropa glutamatreceptorer) →
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Stängning av kaliumkanaler → Ökad depolarisering →
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Öppning av spänningskänsliga Ca-kanaler (VGCC) samt
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öppning av NMDA kanaler. Den ökade Ca-koncentrationen
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öppnar NSC (non selective cation channels) → inflöde av
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Na-joner som ytterligare ökar depolarisationen.
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Nettoeffekt: Ökad fyrningsfrekvens i de nociceptiva
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dorsalhornsneuronen. En form av korttidsplasticitet.
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---
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## Page 17
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Central sensitisering
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Nociceptivt dorsalhornsneuron
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Intensiv aktivering av C-fiberaxonet → Frisättning av
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BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) som binds till
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TrkB (tyrosinkinasreceptor B) → Aktivering av PKC →
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Fosforylering av AMPA/NMDA-kanaler.
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Långtidsplasticitet
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Detta initieras och/eller underlättas av flera olika extracellulära
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mediatormolekyler, varav många frisätts av gliaceller (astrocyter och
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mikroglia).
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---
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## Page 18
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Hyperalgesi
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- ökad smärta av en normalt
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smärtsam retning (increased pain from
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a stimulus that normally provokes pain)
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- primär - i skadat område
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- sekundär - i närliggande intakt vävnad
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Allodyni
|
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= smärta orsakad av en normalt inte smärtsam
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retning (pain due to a stimulus that does not
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normally provoke pain) t.ex.
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- palpation av t.ex. inflammerad sena
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- beröring av solskadad hud
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- matintag vid inflammerad munslemhinna (infektion, brännskada)
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|
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Konsekvenser av sensitisering
|
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---
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## Page 19
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Koltzenburg et al, Pain 1992
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Experimentell sensitisering
|
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---
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## Page 20
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Neuropatisk smärta
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(smärta orsakad av sjukdom i somatosensoriska nervsystemet)
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Thalamus stroke
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Smärtlindring exempel:
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Antidepressiva (vissa sorter)
|
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Antiepileptika
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Na kanal blockerare
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NMDA receptor antagonister
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(Opioider)
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Ryggmärgs-
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skada
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Hyperalgesi och allodyni är vanligt
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förekommande vid neuropatisk smärta
|
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|
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---
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## Page 21
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Spinothalama banan
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Primära somato-
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sensoriska cortex
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Insula
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Gyrus cinguli
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(ant.) = ACC
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Sensoriska
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egenskaper
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Emotionella
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aspekter
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Emotionella
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aspekter
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Kognitiva
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aspekter
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Prefrontala
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cortex
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|
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---
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## Page 22
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Refererad smärta
|
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Ex ”kärlkramp” (angina pectoris)
|
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Konvergens på samma
|
||||
spinothalama neuron
|
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|
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|
||||
---
|
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|
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## Page 23
|
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Aktivitet i ”hudnervsaxon” tolkas alltid av CNS som att receptorerna
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stimulerats dvs upplevelsen ”projiceras till” axonets innervationsområde.
|
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Detta gäller även när aktionspotentialerna inte uppstår genom receptor-
|
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aktivering t.ex. vid elektrisk stimulering av axonet eller vid s.k. ”änkestöt”.
|
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•
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Projicerad smärta (exempel på icke nociceptiv smärta)
|
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•
|
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Parestesi = onormal känselupplevelse
|
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•
|
||||
Fantomsmärta
|
||||
Parestesi och projicerad smärta
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
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## Page 24
|
||||
|
||||
Neurom
|
||||
Perifera nervskador kan
|
||||
resultera i mycket
|
||||
”lättretade” s.k. neurom
|
||||
Rekrytering av
|
||||
spänningskänsliga
|
||||
Na+-kanaler
|
||||
(ektopi = ”på fel plats”)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 25
|
||||
|
||||
Det spinothalama neuronet exciteras av smärtafferenter (Aδ-, C-fibrer). Interneuronet
|
||||
inhiberar det spinothalama neuronet vilket minskar smärtintensiteten. Interneuronet
|
||||
exciteras av beröringsafferenter (Aβ). Balansen mellan dessa bestämmer interneuronets
|
||||
aktivitet och därmed inhibitionen av det spinothalama neuronet.
|
||||
Exempel; att blåsa på brännskadad hud. Finns fler exempel på ”port mekanismer” i
|
||||
dorsalhornet, t.ex. nociceptorer hämmar klåda.
|
||||
”Gate-kontroll” lokalt i dorsalhornet
|
||||
Aβ
|
||||
Aδ, C
|
||||
Spinothalamt
|
||||
neuron
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 26
|
||||
|
||||
Elektrisk stimulering i PAG
|
||||
(periaqueductal gray matter) i
|
||||
hjärnstammen ger smärthämning
|
||||
(djurförsök)
|
||||
Aktiverar ett nedåtgående bansystem
|
||||
som i dorsalhornet hämmar
|
||||
överföring i spino-thalama banan.
|
||||
Neuronen i PAG projicerar först till
|
||||
raphe-kärnorna medialt i hjärn-
|
||||
stammen där de har kontakt med
|
||||
serotoninerga neuron. Neuronen i
|
||||
raphekärnorna projicerar sedan ner
|
||||
till ryggmärgen och aktiverar där
|
||||
opioida inhibitoriska neuron, som
|
||||
hämmar överföringen i den
|
||||
spinothalama banan.
|
||||
Kontroll från nedåtstigande banor
|
||||
Serotonerga neuron i raphe-kärnorna aktiverar
|
||||
opioida (enkefalin) interneuron i dorsalhornet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 27
|
||||
|
||||
Hur aktiveras PAG ?
|
||||
F = Frontal cortex
|
||||
A = Amygdala
|
||||
H = Hypothalamus
|
||||
Opioider (peptider)
|
||||
β-endorfin
|
||||
Dynorfin
|
||||
Enkefalin
|
||||
Nedåtstigande banor
|
||||
NOCEBO – ”jag skall skada”
|
||||
PLACEBO – ”jag skall behaga”
|
||||
Förväntan och inlärning
|
||||
– effekt på
|
||||
smärtupplevelsen
|
||||
Henrik Mellström är sjuksköterska på akutmottagningen på Umeå sjukhus. Foto: José Figueroa.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 28
|
||||
|
||||
Hur aktiveras PAG ?
|
||||
Spino-mesencephala banor
|
||||
Afferent aktivitet
|
||||
från ergoreceptorer
|
||||
(en typ av muskel-
|
||||
receptorer) under
|
||||
muskelarbete
|
||||
PA
|
||||
G
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 29
|
||||
|
||||
TENS – Transkutan elektrisk nervstimulering
|
||||
1) Lågfrekvent stimulering med högre stimuleringsstyrka som aktiverar muskler för att
|
||||
genom muskelkontraktionerna aktivera ergoreceptorer (”simulerat muskelarbete”)
|
||||
2) Högfrekvent stimulering med lägre stimuleringsstyrka som aktiverar beröringsafferenter.
|
||||
(”Gate control hypothesis”?)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 30
|
||||
|
||||
GRP
|
||||
Pruriceptors
|
||||
A
|
||||
GRPR
|
||||
Nppb
|
||||
GRP
|
||||
Glu
|
||||
Glu
|
||||
DYN
|
||||
GABA/Glycine?
|
||||
NK1R
|
||||
Lamina I
|
||||
Laminae III-VI
|
||||
Lamina II
|
||||
Thalamus/
|
||||
PBN
|
||||
LTMR
|
||||
Laminae II-III
|
||||
Lamina IV
|
||||
E
|
||||
Laminae V-VI
|
||||
?
|
||||
Lamina I
|
||||
NPY
|
||||
GABA/Glycine?
|
||||
a
|
||||
b
|
||||
C
|
||||
D
|
||||
Thalamus/
|
||||
PBN?
|
||||
SST
|
||||
B
|
||||
Chemical itch
|
||||
Mechanical itch
|
||||
Fig. 1Model of spinal circuits for chemical and mechanical itch. a When activated by chemical itch stimuli, the peripheral pruriceptors send the itch
|
||||
signals to spinal neurons via Nppb,a primary itch transmitter. The secondary sensory neurons then activate GRPR+ neurons by releasing GRP, after which
|
||||
the itch signals are conveyed to the spinal projection neurons before reaching the thalamus or PBN for further processing.
|
||||
b Light touch stimuli activate LTMRs to evoke mechanical itch, and the mechanical itch information is transmittedto spinal neurons, a subset of which
|
||||
aregatedby spinal inhibitory neurons. PN projection neuron, LTMR low-threshold mechanoreceptor, Glu glutamate.
|
||||
Sammanfattningsvis finns ett antal olika kretsar identifierade för både klåda och olika sorters smärta.
|
||||
Kretsar för klåda i dorsalhornet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 31
|
||||
|
||||
Ascending pathway
|
||||
Emotional aspects
|
||||
Descending modulation
|
||||
Contagious itch?
|
||||
PAG
|
||||
GABA
|
||||
Tac1
|
||||
RVM
|
||||
PBN
|
||||
LC
|
||||
Thalamus
|
||||
AMY
|
||||
NAc
|
||||
VTA
|
||||
SCN?
|
||||
GRPR
|
||||
DMS
|
||||
ACC
|
||||
Fig. 2 Brain circuits for itch signal processing and modulation. The chemical itch signals are first relayed to the PBN and thalamus by spinal projection
|
||||
neurons, while visually contagious itch in mice is proposed to be mediated by the SCN GRPR+ neurons in the hypothalamus. The emotional components of
|
||||
itch sensation may be encoded by the amygdala, GABAergic neurons in the PAG, and different neuronal populations in the VTA. The PAGTac1-RVM circuit is
|
||||
involved in the descending modulation of itch signal processing, and brain-derived neuromodulators such as 5-HT and noradrenaline can also substantially
|
||||
modulate spinal itch circuits in a feedback manner.Projections fromthe ACC to the DMS selectively modulate histamine-dependent itch. AMY amygdala,LC
|
||||
locus coeruleus, NE noradrenaline.
|
||||
Kretsar för klåda i hjärnan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 32
|
||||
|
||||
Nociception i ben
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 33
|
||||
|
||||
Perifer sensitisering i benvävnad
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 34
|
||||
|
||||
Fria nervändslut i inre organ (viscera)
|
||||
- delvis nociceptiv funktion
|
||||
Hjärnstam
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Page 35
|
||||
|
||||
The Bane of Pain Is Plainly in the Brain. (by Allan Basbaum)
|
||||
Pain is an intricate potion, Of sensations, cognitions, emotions,
|
||||
Acute pain may be terrible But it’s persistent pain that’s unbearable;
|
||||
And rarely responds to mere lotions.
|
||||
Though pain may not be easy to bear, There’s often a reason for pain being there. It’s critical to know, Lest a cancer
|
||||
unbeknownst grow. Pain signals a need for repair.
|
||||
You learned of children with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain. They’re unaware when they have fractures or sprains.
|
||||
These children are rare, But they need constant care. Or their injuries will not be contained.
|
||||
You see, A deltas and C’s are essential, To establish the painful potential.
|
||||
But shake your hand or vibrate, And you may close Melzack and Wall’s Spinal Gate
|
||||
So that the pain is no longer sequential.
|
||||
In fact, there are myriad ways to control pain, Which is perhaps why cordotomy’s on the wane.
|
||||
Find out what the morphine dose is, Even consider hypnosis. Remember pain’s not a stimulus; it’s a perception of the
|
||||
brain.
|
||||
In this regard, find a pregnant woman and ask her, Is LaMaze merely a ploy to distract her? Or when labor pain Is not
|
||||
“perceived” by the brain, Are the endorphins a relevant factor?
|
||||
Speaking of endogenous opioids—there are numerous classes. Some reportedly are as potent as grass is.
|
||||
So, if you’re in pain
|
||||
Just depend on your brain
|
||||
Because the endorphins are the true opiates of the masses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user